African Legends. Queen Aminatu.
Hello everybody! Today is Friday - Legends Day!
Queen Aminatu
People living in Africa deeply respect their outstanding ancestors and keep stories about them and pass these stories from generation to generation.
Our next acquaintance with the great warrior named Aminatu.
Just three months after she was crowned queen, Amina launched a 34-year military campaign against her neighbours to expand Zazzau's territory. Its army of 20,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry was well trained and intimidated. In fact, one of her first statements to her people was a call to them to "sharpen their weapons." She conquered large tracts of land.
Queen Aminatu, daughter of Bakwa Turunku, was a great warrior of the Hausa tribe in Northern Nigeria. She is known as a warrior princess, inheriting from her mother an assertive and courageous character.
Her mother built the capital, Zazzau. The city was one of the original seven states of Hausaland in the 16th century. As a member of the royal family, Amina chose to hone her martial skills and she soon became one of Zazzau's greatest warriors.
She ruled in the middle of the sixteenth century. Her real biography was somewhat obscured by subsequent legends and folk tales.
Amina was born in Sfax, Tunisia, and it is said that she loved fairy tales as a child.
At sixteen, Amina was named Magadzhia (heiress) and she was given forty slaves.
From an early age, they tried to marry Amina.
Attempts to get her hand included what is said to be a "daily offer of ten slaves" from Makama and "fifty male slaves and fifty female slaves, as well as fifty bags of blue and white cloth" from Emir Kano.
After the death of her parents in 1566, Amina's brother became king of Zazzau.
By this point, Amina had established herself as "the leading warrior in her brother's cavalry" and gained fame for her martial skills.
In traditional Hausa songs of praise, she is still called βAmina, daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man, who could lead men into battle.
After the death of her brother Karami in 1576, Amina became queen.
Before Amina ascended the throne, Zazzau was one of the largest states. He was also the main source of slaves to be sold in the Kano and Katsin slave markets by Arab merchants.
Just three months after she was crowned queen, Amina launched a 34-year military campaign against her neighbours to expand Zazzau's territory. Its army of 20,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry was well trained and intimidated. In fact, one of her first statements to her people was a call to them to "sharpen their weapons." She conquered large tracts of land.
Legends quoted by Sydney John Hogben say that she made herself a new lover in every town she passed through, each of whom was said to have suffered the same unhappy fate in the morning: "her unfortunate fiance was beheaded."
Under Amin, Zazzau controlled more territories than ever before. To celebrate and protect her new lands, Amina surrounded her cities with earthen walls. These walls became common throughout the country until the British conquest of Zazzau in 1904, and many of them survive to this day, known as the Amina Ganuvar (Amina Walls).
While Amina's success as ruler did not affect her successors, Amina enjoyed a solid reputation as a warrior woman bordering on a legend.
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ! Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°- Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄!
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π° ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ.
ΠΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡ!
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π° ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° Π’ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π₯Π°ΡΡΠ° Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°-Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π₯Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π° Π² 16 Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ.
ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π‘ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅, Π’ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ.
Π ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ) ΠΈ Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ½Ρ.
Π‘ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΆ.
ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Β«Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²Β» ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΒ» ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² 1566 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ.
Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.
Π ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠ° Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π±ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² 1576 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ», ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ². ΠΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° 34-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ. ΠΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· 20 000 ΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ 1 000 ΠΊΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², Π±ΡΠ»Π° Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ² ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Β«Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ΅Β» . ΠΠ½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π₯ΠΎΠ³Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ° ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ: Β«Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π³Π»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Β»
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π·Π·Π°Ρ Π² 1904 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³Π°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ).
Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ» Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ-Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°, Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΉ.
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