Джудит Труман данина неймовірній Маркізі Луізі Казаті
Отже, дорогі мої, обіцяний мною матеріал Джудіт Турман про неймовірну маркізу. Матеріал об'ємний, і читати доведеться багато. Але спершу я захотіла глянути в обличчя цій журналістці і зрозуміти, чому вона така жорстока. Ви подивіться на неї і самі зрозумієте – розміщую її портрет та портрет Маркізи Луїзи Казаті.
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| (На мою думку, все зрозуміло і без слів) |
прогулюється площею Святого Марка абсолютно оголеною, з блідим, як місяць, обличчям під хутряною накидкою, у супроводі двох гепардів на повідках, прикрашених діамантами, і шкірою. Висвітлює сцену.
З іншого боку, Дінесен, схоже, створила образ відьми своєї старості — баронеси Бліксен — за зразком Казаті. За походженням вони належали до одного класу, новобагатіїв, і до одного покоління жінок, які прагнули бути такими ж небезпечними, якими були нешкідливі їхні матері. Хоча в мене немає доказів того, що вони зустрічалися, їхні шляхи майже напевно перетнулися в Парижі. До і після Першої світової війни Казаті жила там місяцями, зазвичай у готелі «Ріц», обтяжуючи персонал своїми істериками та виснажливою щоденною роботою — годувати всюдисущого удава живими курчатами та кроликами. Дінесен, яка віддавала перевагу готелю «Сент-Джеймс енд Олбані», де був данський консьєрж, зупинялася дорогою з Кенії до Копенгагена, щоб поповнити свій гардероб у «Пакуїн енд Льюїс» (модельєрка кутюр), навіть коли її кавова плантація збанкрутувала. (Вона взяла з собою двох африканських пажів, одягнених у мальовничі тубільні регалії, які носили її пакунки та спали у її ванні.) Це була насолода, яку Казаті, який збанкрутував одночасно (1930–31), схвалив би. Дінесен і Казаті поділяли смак до пастоподібного тонального крему та закопчених очей; до поважних титулів, отриманих від самовдоволених, набагато бідніших чоловіків, одержимих кривавим спортом; та до східного варварства, фільтрованого крізь мармуру снобізму старого режиму. Хоча маркіза ніколи б не була спіймана на місці у ретельно сшитому сірому костюмі, який баронеса називала «Тверезою правдою», вони обидві пишалися своєю виснаженою фігурою. Дінесен вважала, що єдиний гідний спосіб для жінки старіти — це перетворитися на скелета. Однак вона від природи була досить кремезною і їй доводилося боротися з сильним апетитом, тому вона не досягла своєї ідеальної ваги (близько вісімдесяти фунтів) до середнього віку, та й то лише за допомогою сифілісу, анорексії, безперервного куріння та амфетамінів. Здається, Казаті насолоджувалася своєю кар'єрою привида все своє життя, не турбуючись про дієту, хоча, можливо, її секретом був кокаїн.
На відміну від Колетт, яка нетерпимо ставилася до тих, хто дозволяв життю поглинати себе, Дінесен щиро вірила в те, що потрібно марнувати себе. Якось вона сказала журналісту, що її улюблений вислів в англійській мові — «незалежно від витрат» (хоча вона була набагато більш безрозсудною щодо чужого майна, ніж щодо власного). Казаті була настільки невинною в обачності, що витрачала кожну копійку свого колосального спадку на палаци, вечірки, антикваріат, автомобілі, одяг, коштовності, подорожі з княжою свитою та твори мистецтва (здебільшого на свої портрети). На той час, коли її наздогнала Велика депресія, вона мала борг у двадцять п'ять мільйонів доларів. У своїй останній телеграмі Д'Аннунціо благала його переказати їй десять тисяч лір, але негідник так і не відповів.
«хочу бути живим витвором мистецтва», – проголосив Казаті. Її вражаюча зовнішність і неперевершена уява щодо костюмів і декору обіцяли гарну п’єсу, але, як прямо сказав Кокто, «її ще не було». (Ще не було. Він ніколи не відвідував той сучасний театр, з яким натхненні модні трюки маркізи мають найбільшу спорідненість: подіум кутюр.) Її мужність ніколи не підводила її, хоча її плоть підводила. «Ексцентричність, – писав французький белетрист Моріс Дрюон, – терпима лише в її першій свіжості. Якщо її плекати, поки вона не зачерствіє, вона стає нестерпно жалюгідною». Він думав про Казаті, яка, надто стараючись бути унікальною, неминуче стала прототипом. Вона була взірцем для героїні його роману 1954 року «La Volupté d’Être», перекладеного англійською як «Фільм пам’яті» та адаптованого для сцени як «La Contessa» з Вів’єн Лі у головній ролі, а для екрану як «A Matter of Time» з Інгрід Бергман у головній ролі. Незважаючи на своїх видатних головних героїнь, п’єса та кіно були однаково жалюгідними провалами, можливо, частково тому, що Казаті перетворилася на сліпуче, але ефемерне видовище, схоже на феєрверк, нехтуючи тими аспектами буття — думками та почуттями — які збагачують розповідь. Її чарівність більше пасувала до рамки для картини, і вона захоплювала низку важливих художників (Марінетті, Ван Донген, Ман Рей, Ромен Брукс та Огастес Джон, серед інших), чиї портрети вловлюють лихоманку її вишуканої люті.
Можливо, однак, вона дійшла висновку, разом з Дінесен, яка заморила себе голодом через п'ять років після того, як Казаті померла від крововиливу в мозок, що є найвищим престижем — навіть благородством — у втраті всього, крім власного стилю. Хоч вона була бідна і дедалі більше знесилена джином та наркотиками, вона ніколи не переставала одягатися так, щоб справляти сенсаційний ефект. Джуліан бачив її, стверджував він, як вона нишпорила у сміттєвих баках — не заради їжі, звичайно, а заради клаптиків оксамиту чи мережива. «Коли Луїза Казаті йшла вулицями Лондона, — писав Дрюон, — знадобилася вся гідність англійців, щоб не просто витріщатися на цю привидицю» з поблідлим обличчям, кривим капелюхом і потертою чорною сукнею, наполовину розпатланою та оздобленою потрісканою шкірою або паршивим хутром — ошатність божевільної. Сьогодні, звичайно, хіпстер не витріщався б; вони б захоплювалися її шиком. Мода стерла різницю між днем і вечором, і немає нічого сучаснішого, ніж потерті шви, незвичайний макіяж, похмурість готики та індивідуальний вінтаж. Казаті втілила свою найзаповітнішу амбіцію, хоча, можливо, не в тій формі, яку вона уявляла: передбачати майбутнє. ♦
Cosati's totem animal, like Medusa's, was the snake: a creature that sheds its skin and bewitches with its gaze. She prided herself on the freshness of the shocking images her appearance conjured. Her contemporaries could not decide whether she was a vampire, a bird of paradise, an androgyne, a goddess, an enigma, or simply a madwoman. Her clothing was as esoteric as the symbols on a wizard's hat—formulas for improving nature. Among her most memorable outfits was a suit of armor riddled with hundreds of electric bolts that somehow short-circuited and nearly set her on fire. A necklace of iridescent live snakes slid from her bare shoulders at the ball, and a peacock-tail feather headdress adorned, for an evening at the opera, with the blood of a freshly slaughtered chicken.
The Futurists and Surrealists recognized that the radical audacity of Cosati's experiments with clothing was akin to their own artistic provocations (as did Kerouac later, who wrote, "The Marchesa Cosati / A living doll / Pinned to my wall in a slum in Frisco"). She commissioned a life-size wax mannequin of herself, with green glass eyes and a wig supposedly made from her own hair; it stood at her dining table, dressed as her double, and she brought it to Paris for fitting by Poirier. An emissary from Schiaparelli, sent to receive her as a client, found her in bed in a hotel room, "covered by a carpet of black ostrich feathers, having a breakfast of fried fish and drinking pure Pernod, while trying on a scarf made of newspaper." For a performance of the Ballets Russes, she wore a dress made of heron feathers, which molted during the evening. For the summer of 1920, spent on Capri, where she abused drugs and practiced witchcraft, she assembled a wardrobe of black dresses with a train, dyed her hair green, and painted her servant's body with gold paint (he passed out from the heat, and she saved him from suffocation by walking through the streets of the village with a crystal ball. But when she really wanted to outdo herself, Cosati wore nothing. Venetians regularly witnessed the midnight apparition of their richest and worst neighbor, walking through St. Mark's Square completely naked, her face as pale as the moon under a fur cape, accompanied by two cheetahs on leashes, adorned with diamonds and leather. lighting the scene.
The only biography of Casati in English, "Infinite Varieties" by Scott D. Ryerson and Michael Orlando Iaccarino, was published four years ago and is now out of print, but it deserves a reprint.
The authors are astute historians of frivolity who capture the tone of a life that was at once obscenely extravagant and remarkably pure. Their heroine was born Luisa Annan, the daughter of an incredibly successful, self-made Milanese textile magnate, ennobled by his frequent guest, King Umberto I. Both Count Annan and his wife died when their two daughters were teenagers, leaving them one of, if not the largest, industrial fortunes in Italy. Luisa received a typically superficial private education, lived in the shadow of her more beautiful older sister, made a noble debut, and married a scion of an ancient Casati family, the Marchese Stampa di Soncino, the future president of the Rome Jockey Club. (They had a spirited only daughter, Christina, who was neglected by her parents from an early age. She attended Oxford and eloped with an English lord who was said to share her communist views.) For several years, the young marchioness dressed decently and lived, albeit luxuriously, like an ordinary matron of her class. But at twenty-two, she was seduced by Gabriele D'Annunzio, a charismatic writer, warrior, satyr, spiritualist, demagogue, and "Prince of Decadence," who was her greatest love, a man forever on the run from creditors and therefore always in search of an indulgent mistress. Neither he nor Casati was capable of fidelity, but she became his muse, and he helped her to cultivate a distaste for the ordinary—a quality characteristic of the priestess of fashion, and probably originating, as in the case of Casati, in a distaste for the sullen and ordinary little girl in whose body and existence she had once been imprisoned.
Casati
Nude study from 1920 by Romain Brooks. Courtesy of Lucile Audouy / Casati Archives
Her extravagant affair with D'Annunzio was ignored by her husband for years, eventually devolving into a friendship between two charming and predatory mythomaniacs who practiced black magic and communicated primarily through cryptic telegrams. But once he had awakened her appetite for the poetry of excess, no amount of extravagance could satisfy it. Her treasures accumulated. She spent as much on a jeweled gown and headdress designed by Léon Bakst for one of her legendary masquerade performances as J.P. Morgan paid for his custom-made Rolls-Royce. Her decaying palace on the Grand Canal (later owned by another priestess, Peggy Guggenheim) was adorned with rare gems, priceless lace, hothouse flowers, and Egyptian statues. There, as well as in her Roman mansion and Parisian villa, she housed a menagerie of exotic animals—not just cheetahs, but also lion cubs, owls, panthers, monkeys, peacocks, a gorilla, white blackbirds, greyhounds powdered pink and lilac, a parrot that screamed curses, and a boa constrictor that traveled with her everywhere in a plush glass case.
It should be noted that while Casati outdid her models—and certainly spent more money—and inspired numerous imitators, none as fantastical as herself, her signature perversions were not quite as original. The Princess di Belgiojoso, a man-devourer beloved by Romantics, pioneered dark makeup and hairstyles. Huysmans published "Against Nature," which could have served as her decorating guide, when the Marquise was three years old. Wilde's "Salome" premiered in Paris twelve years later. And by the height of the Belle Époque, when Casati reached her creative peak, it had long been fashionable for femme fatales to keep unpleasant pets. The French writer Rachilde, for example, kept two sewer rats, which she named Kyrie and Eleison. When Rachilde was sentenced (in absentia) to two years in prison in Belgium for her scandalous novel "Monsieur Venus," in which a courageous noblewoman sexually enslaves a young florist, Verlaine congratulated her: "Ah, my child, if you have invented a new vice, you are a benefactress of humanity."
Because the magnificent, if somewhat comically creepy, figure of the Marchesa Casati haunts the memoirs of her heyday (especially those nostalgic tales of the lavish life of the Belle Époque and Jazz, written in the drawling tones of seasoned revelers who never missed a well-stoned orgy), I encountered her at two different points in my life, fifteen years apart: first, when I was writing about Isak Dinesen, and later, when I was doing research on Colette. Casati and Colette, both staunch believers in the spirit world, frequented the same fashionable mediums and moved in a dissolute circle of nobles that included Jean Lorrain, Robert de Montesquiou, Baroness Elsie Deslandes, Baron Adelsward-Fersen, Isadora Duncan, Diaghilev, the Princesse de Polignac (née Vinareta Singer), Natalie Barney, and D'Annunzio (whose mistress, when Colette befriended him in 1915, was her second husband's wealthy first wife). But it would be difficult to find two women more suited to hate each other, despite their shared gift for malice and penchant for exhibitionism. Colette was a willful, carnal, and thrifty "child of nature," eternally hardworking and intolerant of painful topics. Casati was obsessed with fetishism and proudly displayed the bruises and teeth marks left by her lovemaking with D'Annunzio. "The flesh," he wrote in Baron de Meyer's striking photograph of "The Divine Marchioness," "is but the spirit wedded to death." Behind her back, however, Parisians nicknamed her "Venus de Père Lachaise."
The Marchesa’s flamboyant affair with D’Annunzio was ignored for years by her husband, and it eventually burned down to the friendship of two charming and predatory mythomaniacs who practiced black magic and communicated mostly by cryptic telegram. But once he had aroused her appetite for the poetry of excess, no extravagance could slake it. Her treasures piled up. She spent as much on the jewel-encrusted gown and headdress that Léon Bakst designed for one of her legendary masked revels as J. P. Morgan paid for his custom-fitted Rolls-Royce. Her crumbling palace on the Grand Canal (it was later owned by another priestess, Peggy Guggenheim) was decorated with rare gemstones, priceless lace, hothouse flowers, and Egyptian statuary. There, and in her Roman mansion and her Parisian villa, she installed menageries of exotic animals—not only the cheetahs but lion cubs, owls, panthers, monkeys, peacocks, a gorilla, albino blackbirds, greyhounds powdered pink and mauve, a parrot that squawked obscenities, and a boa constrictor that travelled with her everywhere in a plush-lined glass case.
On the other hand, Dinesen seems to have modeled the witch of her old age, Baroness Blixen, on Casati. They came from the same class, the nouveau riche, and from the same generation of women who aspired to be as dangerous as their harmless mothers. Although I have no evidence that they met, their paths almost certainly crossed in Paris. Before and after the First World War, Casati lived there for months at a time, usually at the Ritz, burdening the staff with her tantrums and the grueling daily job of feeding live chickens and rabbits to the ever-present boa constrictor. Dinesen, who preferred the St. James and Albany Hotel, which had a Danish concierge, stopped on her way from Kenya to Copenhagen to replenish her wardrobe at Paquin and Lewis (a haute couture designer), even when her coffee plantation went bankrupt. (She brought with her two African pages, dressed in picturesque native regalia, who carried her packages and slept in her bathtub.) It was an indulgence that Casati, who went bankrupt at the same time (1930-31), would have approved of. Dinesen and Casati shared a taste for pasty foundation and smoky eyes; for respectable titles obtained from smug, much poorer men obsessed with blood sports; and for oriental barbarity filtered through the marble of ancien régime snobbery. Although the Marquise would never have been caught in the meticulously tailored gray suit that the Baroness called “Sober Truth,” they both took pride in their emaciated figures. Dinesen believed that the only dignified way for a woman to age was to become a skeleton. However, she was naturally quite stocky and had to fight a strong appetite, so she did not reach her ideal weight (about eighty pounds) until middle age, and then only with the help of syphilis, anorexia, incessant smoking, and amphetamines. Casati seems to have enjoyed her career as a ghost all her life without worrying about diet, although cocaine may have been her secret.
Unlike Colette, who was intolerant of those who allowed themselves to be consumed by life, Dinesen believed wholeheartedly in wasting themselves. She once told a journalist that her favorite expression in the English language was “regardless of the cost” (although she was far more reckless with other people’s possessions than with her own). Casati was so innocent of prudence that she spent every penny of her colossal inheritance on palaces, parties, antiques, cars, clothes, jewelry, trips with a princely retinue, and works of art (mostly her own portraits). By the time the Great Depression overtook her, she was twenty-five million dollars in debt. In her last telegram to d’Annunzio, she begged him to transfer ten thousand lire, but the scoundrel never replied. “I want to be a living work of art,” Casati declared. Her striking appearance and her unrivaled imagination in costume and set design promised a good play, but as Cocteau put it bluntly, “it had not yet been.” (It had not yet been. He had never visited the modern theater with which the Marquise’s inspired fashion tricks had the closest affinity: the couture catwalk.) Her courage had never failed her, although her flesh had. “Eccentricity,” wrote the French fiction writer Maurice Druon, “is tolerable only in its first freshness. If it is nurtured until it becomes stale, it becomes intolerably miserable.” He was thinking of Casati, who, by trying too hard to be unique, had inevitably become a prototype. She was the model for the heroine of his 1954 novel La Volupté d’Être, translated into English as The Film of Memory and adapted for the stage as La Contessa, starring Vivien Leigh, and for the screen as A Matter of Time, starring Ingrid Bergman. Despite their outstanding leads, the play and the film were equally abject failures, perhaps in part because Casati turned herself into a dazzling but ephemeral spectacle, like fireworks, neglecting those aspects of being—thoughts and feelings—that enrich the narrative. Her charm was more suited to a picture frame, and she captivated many important artists (Marinetti, Van Dongen, Man Ray, Romain Brooks, and Auguste John, among others), whose portraits capture the fever of her refined fury.
Casati in 1913. Courtesy Casati Archives
Casati hated getting old, but she accepted poverty with a stoic, even eerie aplomb. This suggests that her most obvious weakness—her indifference to reality—was a form of strength. After the forced liquidation of her Parisian villa, the Palais Rose, and its contents, she moved to London, where she traded the few treasures she had managed to salvage for rent, tarot readings, and food for her Pekingese. As each dog died, she stuffed it and sent the taxidermist’s bill to her granddaughter. She spent her last years in a cheap bed, casting spells on her enemies (Cecil Beaton was one of them—he betrayed her with a candid photo of her sagging chin and a naughty passage in his memoirs) and compiling three volumes of a strange diary: a fabulous collection of newspaper and magazine clippings. In one collage, an elegant old-fashioned razor and two ripe peaches with distinct lobes are juxtaposed with a Gulliverian, bejeweled Henry VIII, who overshadows... a circle of Lilliputian women, all but one with their heads severed. Other pages featured Rasputin and the Duchess of Windsor: “The obvious care with which they were created shows that this was no casual pastime,” her biographers write. But as soon as her friends suggested that she organize an exhibition of her diaries, if only to raise much-needed money, she abandoned the project. “The Marquise,” Philippe Julien observed, “seemed to have a real horror of money.”
Perhaps, however, she had come to the conclusion, with Dinesen, who starved herself to death five years after Casati died of a cerebral hemorrhage, that there was the highest prestige—even nobility—in losing everything but one's own style. Although she was poor and increasingly weakened by gin and drugs, she never ceased to dress to make a sensational impression. Julian had seen her, he claimed, rummaging through garbage cans—not for food, of course, but for scraps of velvet or lace. “When Louise Casati walked the streets of London,” Druon wrote, “it took all the dignity of the English not to simply stare at this apparition” with her pale face, crooked hat, and threadbare black dress, half-disheveled and trimmed with cracked leather or lousy fur—the elegance of a madman. Today, of course, a hipster wouldn’t stare; they would admire her chic. Fashion has blurred the distinction between day and night, and there’s nothing more modern than frayed seams, unusual makeup, gothic grimness, and individual vintage. Casati had fulfilled her most cherished ambition, though perhaps not in the form she had imagined: to foresee the future. ♦









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